ساخت و کاربرد جمله مجهول:
ساختمان فعل مجهول: ابتدا فعل to be را در زمان مورد نظر صرف می کنیم و سپس قسمت سوم (PP) فعل اصلی را به آن اضافه می کنیم. مثلا is sold / was eaten / has been built
زبان عمومی و اختصاصی
The passive
The active voice shows what something does. The passive voice shows what happens to something. We make the passive with a form of the verb be + past participle.
To Be + Past Participle
The passive: use
We use the passive
-when the object is more important than the subject and the agent is either obvious, not important, or unknown:
2. All applications are processed on the spot, (it is obvious that it is the library staff who process the cards)
-in formal writing to make it less personal:
3. You are advised to return the application form within three days, (impersonal)
The active voice is more direct and personal:
I advise you to return the application form within three days.
-when we describe a process:
4. The union is run by seven executive officers who are elected by students.
We do not generally use the passive for natural (or biological) processes, where people are not involved (e.g. the carbon cycle):
5. Plants take up carbon dioxide from the air as part of photosynthesis.
ساختمان فعل مجهول:
در ساخت فعل مجهول ابتدا فرض کنید میخواهید یک جمله با فعل be در زمان مورد نظر ( مثلا گذشته = was /were) بسازید.
سپس فعل اصلی را به شکل ثابت و همیشگی قسمت سوم فعل (past participle) به آن اضافه میکنیم.
زبان عمومی و اختصاصی
Passive verb structures:
چند نکته مهم در مجهول:
It is claimed by a group of people that ….
They are believed to act in a way that …
2. بعد از فعلهای مجهول در همه حال فعل دوم به شکل مصدر با to نوشته میشود.
3. در ساختارهایی که به وجه سببی مشهورند، بعد از have یا get از مفعول و شکل pp استفاده میشوند:
زبان عمومی و اختصاصی
Reporting with passive verbs
1. With reporting verbs and verbs of thinking or feeling we can use
-it + passive verb + that
(e.g. agree, announce, argue, believe, claim, decide, disclose, expect, feel, hope, know, predict, recognize, report, say, suggest, think, understand):
It was felt that the facilities were in need of renovation.
subject + passive verb + to-infinitive
(e.g. ask, believe, consider, estimate, expect, feel, know, mean, report, say, see, suppose, think, understand):
2. Our sports facilities are said to be among the best in the country. (= people say our sports facilities are among the best in the country)
This building is believed to be the oldest in the town.
Have something done
To show that someone performs a paid service for us we use have + object + past participle:
You’ll need to have your photo taken. (= someone else will take your photograph)
In informal English get + past participle can be used in the same way:
I got my photo taken yesterday.
Need + -ing
We can sometimes use need + -ing as an alternative to the passive to say that it is necessary to do something without stating who will do it:
Some facilities need improving around the campus. (= it is necessary to improve some facilities)